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Wounded civilians get in at a hospital in Aleppo during the Syrian civil state of war, October 2012

Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war have been numerous and serious. In June 2012 Amnesty International claimed the bulk had been committed by authorities forces,[1] :10 though the Un High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay has said that both sides appear to have committed war crimes, with UN investigations having claimed that the authorities's abuses are the greatest in both gravity and scale.[2] [iii]

Daftar Isi

Legal framework

Four of the international instruments ratified by Syria and which utilise to events in the civil state of war are particularly relevant: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); the International Covenant on Economical, Social and Cultural Rights; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; and the Un Convention Against Torture. Syria is not a party to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, although it is bound by the provisions of the ICCPR that also prohibit enforced disappearances.[4] :5

Four fundamental security agencies have overseen government repression in Syria: the General Security Advisers, the Political Security Branch, the Military machine Intelligence Branch, and the Air Strength Intelligence Branch. All three corps of the Syrian regular army have been deployed in a supporting function to the security forces; the civilian police have been involved in crowd control. The shabiha, led by the security forces, also participated in abuses.[4] :8–x Since Hafez al-Assad's rule, individuals from the Alawite minority have controlled (although they not always formally headed) these 4 agencies, equally well equally several elite military units,[five] :72–3 and comprise the bulk of them.[6]

Syrian armed and security forces

According to the UN, Syrian armed and security forces may be responsible for: unlawful killing, including of children (mostly boys), medical personnel and infirmary patients ("In some particularly grave instances, entire families were executed in their homes"); torture, including of children (mostly boys, sometimes to expiry) and hospital patients, and including sexual and psychological torture; arbitrary arrest "on a massive scale"; deployment of tanks and helicopter gunships in densely populated areas; heavy and indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas; collective penalty; enforced disappearances; widescale and systematic devastation and looting of property; the systematic deprival, in some areas, of food and water; and the prevention of medical treatment, including to children - in the period since 15 March 2011.[4] :20–4 [7] :4–6 [viii] :2–iv [ix] :10–twenty Amnesty International reported that medical personnel had also been tortured,[ten] while the UN said that medical personnel in country hospitals were sometimes complicit in the killing and torture of patients.[9] :11 The execution and torture of children was as well documented by Amnesty International and Homo Rights Sentinel.[1] :30 [11] :31–2 [12] [13] About of the serious human rights violations documented by the Un have been committed by the Syrian army and security services every bit part of armed forces or search operations.[7] :4 [8] :1 The design of the killing, coupled with interviews with defectors, led the United nations to conclude a shoot-to-kill policy was operative.[four] :twenty [ix] :10 The United nations mentioned several reports of security forces killing injured victims past putting them into refrigerated cells in hospital morgues.[4] :22

Amnesty International decided to enter the country uninvited in spring 2012 and documented "gross violations of human being rights on a massive scale" by the Syrian military and shabiha, "many of which amount to crimes against humanity and war crimes". These were committed against the armed opposition, to punish and intimidate civilian individuals and strongholds perceived to be supporting the opposition, and indiscriminately against individuals who had nil to practise with the opposition. In addition to the crimes listed by the UN above, they noted cases of people being burnt alive; devastation of pharmacies and field hospitals (normal hospitals are out of premises to those wounded past the armed services); and that the sometimes lethal torture ("cleaved basic, missing teeth, deep scars and open up wounds from electric shocks, and from severe beatings and lashings with electrical cables and other implements") was overwhelmingly directed at men and boys.[ane] :vii–x

The United nations reported 10,000 persons arbitrarily detained between mid-March and the late June 2011;[7] :5 a twelvemonth later that number had more than than doubled, though the true number of detainees may have been far higher.[1] :11 [11] :12 At the notorious Seidnaya jail, n of Damascus, 2,500 military officers and lesser ranks were being held subsequently they disobeyed orders or attempted desertion.[fourteen] Human Rights Watch documented more 20 different methods of torture used against detainees, including: prolonged and severe beatings, oftentimes with objects such every bit batons and wires; painful stress positions; electrocution; burning with car bombardment acid; sexual assail; pulling out fingernails; mock execution; and sexual violence.[11] :xviii–19 Many were held in disgusting and cruelly overcrowded atmospheric condition; many who needed medical help were denied information technology, and some consequently died.[eleven] :xiv–17

Human Rights Watch accused the government and Shabiha of using civilians as human shields when they advanced on opposition-held areas.[15] A UN report confirmed this, saying soldiers had used children every bit young every bit eight, detaining and killing children later. The United nations added the Syrian Authorities as one of the worst offenders on its annual "list of shame".[xvi]

In response to these violations, the Un Homo Rights Council passed a condemnatory resolution. It too demanded that Syrian arab republic cooperate with a Un investigation into the abuses, release all political prisoners, and allow independent monitors to visit detention facilities.[17] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Not all reports have proved accurate Zainab al-Hosni, who was purportedly beheaded by Syrian government, later turned out to be live.

Relatives confirmed that the woman they saw on Television receiver was indeed her, said Nadim Houry of Human Rights Watch. "I am very much alive and I have opted to tell the truth because I am planning to go married in the futurity and take kids who I want to be registered," she told her interviewer.

Immunity said in a statement: "If the body was not that of Zainab al-Hosni, and so clearly the Syrian authorities need to disclose whose information technology was. We are trying to determine the exact circumstances of the case and volition release comprehensive data as soon as nosotros can." [xviii] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In May 2012, Al Arabiya aired leaked footage of a homo being tortured in a authorities detention centre in Kafranbel.[19]

An increasing number of reports indicated that the Syrian regime is attacking civilians at bread bakeries with artillery rounds and rockets in opposition-controlled cities and districts in Aleppo province and Aleppo metropolis, with the reports indicating that the bakeries were shelled indiscriminately.[xx] [21] HRW said these are war crimes, as the only military targets in the areas were rebels manning the bakeries and that dozens of civilians were killed.[22]

Upon retaking the majuscule Damascus after the Battle of Damascus (2012), the Syrian government began a entrada of collective punishment confronting Sunni suburbs in-and-effectually the capital letter which had supported FSA presence in their neighborhoods.[23] [24]

The charity Save the Children conducted interviews in refugee camps with Syrian civilians who had fled the fighting, and released a report in September 2012 containing many accounts of detention, torture and summary execution, as well equally other incidents such equally the employ of civilians equally human shields, allegedly including tying children onto advancing tanks so that insubordinate forces would not fire upon them.[25]

In a 23 October 2012 statement, Human being Rights Sentry said that Syrian military denials notwithstanding, HRW had "evidence of ongoing cluster flop attacks" by Syria's air forcefulness. HRW has confirmed reports "through interviews with victims, other residents and activists who filmed the cluster munitions", as well as "analysis of 64 videos and besides photos showing weapon remnants" of cluster flop strikes.[26] The use, product, stockpiling, and transfer of cluster munitions is prohibited by the 2008 international Convention on Cluster Munitions treaty. Use of cluster bombs take been considered a grave threat to civilian populations because of the bombs' ability to randomly scatter thousands of submunitions or "bomblets" over a vast surface area, many of which remain waiting to explode, taking civilian lives and limbs long after the conflict is over.[27]

David Nott, a British surgeon who volunteered for 5 weeks in mid-2013 on the ground in Syria at hospitals in conflict zone, reported that victims of government snipers would all display wounds in a particular area on item days, indicating that they may have intentionally chosen to target a specific area each mean solar day as a sort of "game". On some days, pregnant women were found shot through the uterus, killing their unborn children.[28]

According to 3 eminent international lawyers.[29] Syrian government officials could face state of war crimes charges in the low-cal of a huge enshroud of evidence smuggled out of the country showing the "systematic killing" of about 11,000 detainees. Nearly of the victims were young men and many corpses were emaciated, bloodstained and bore signs of torture. Some had no eyes; others showed signs of strangulation or electrocution. Experts say this bear witness is more detailed and on a far larger scale than anything else that has yet emerged from the 34-month crisis. [30] [31]

The Syrian government has come up to view doctors equally dangerous, their ability to heal insubordinate fighters and civilians in rebel-held areas seen equally a weapon against the government. Over the ii.five years, doctors, nurses, dentists, and pharmacists who provide medical intendance to civilians in contested areas accept been arrested and detained; paramedics have been tortured and used as human shields, ambulances accept been targeted by snipers and missiles; medical facilities have been destroyed; the pharmaceutical industry devastated. In 2011, there were more than than thirty,000 doctors in Syrian arab republic. At present, more than 16,000 doctors accept fled, and many of those left are in hiding. More than 90 accept been assassinated for doing their jobs and at least 36 paramedics, in uniform on authorized missions, have been killed past Syrian military snipers or shot dead at checkpoints.[32]

Referral to the International Criminal Courtroom

United nations High Commissioner for Man Rights Navi Pillay and others have called for Syrian arab republic to be referred to the International Criminal Court; withal, it would be difficult for this to take identify with inside the foreseeable future considering Syria is non a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Courtroom, pregnant the ICC has no jurisdiction there (referral could alternatively happen via the Security Council, but Russia and China would block).[33] Marc Lynch, who is in favour of a referral, noted a couple of other routes to the ICC were possible, and that overcoming Chinese and Russian opposition was not impossible.[34] Richard Haass has argued that one way to encourage top-level defections is to "threaten war-crimes indictments by a sure date, say, Baronial fifteen, for whatsoever senior official who remains a part of the government and is associated with its campaign against the Syrian people. Naming these individuals would concentrate minds in Damascus."[35] Nevertheless, it remains unlikely in the short term, and some would fence this is a blessing in disguise, since this precludes the ICC'southward involvement while the conflict is still raging, a development that would arguably but increase the Assad government's violent obstinacy. The "Usa cannot halt or opposite the militarization of the Syrian insurgence, and should not try. What the U.s. can usefully do is manage this militarization by working with other governments, especially Syria's neighbors in the region, to try to shape the activities of armed elements on the ground in a manner that volition almost effectively increase pressure on the regime". [36]

Armed opposition fighters and other terror gangs

With regard to armed opposition groups, the UN accused them of: unlawful killing; torture and sick-treatment; kidnapping and earnest taking; and the employ of children in unsafe non-gainsay roles—since December 2011.[eight] :4–v Amnesty confirmed that they were guilty of having tortured and executed captured soldiers and militiamen, besides as known or perceived civilian collaborators,[1] :10 and later condemned the opposition fighters responsible for an attack on a pro-Assad TV station in June 2012 in which media workers were killed.[37] According to the Institute for the Study of War, "[m]onthly instances of assassinations,executions, and kidnappings by rebels skyrocketed in Feb 2012 and doubled again between March and April. . . . The Assad regime's sectarian shabiha paramilitaries have been responsible for a vast numbers of killings, which has fabricated it more difficult for insurgents to resist the urge to human action in reprisal."[38] Radhika Coomaraswamy, the UN special representative for children and armed conflict, said in March 2012 that she had received claims that the Free Syrian Regular army was using children as fighters.[13] A Un report in April 2012 as well mentioned "apparent allegations" that rebels, including the FSA, were using child fighters, despite stated FSA policy of not recruiting any child nether the age of 17,[39] :23 but a later 1 in June 2012 fabricated no mention of this, only reporting that opposition fighters were using children in non-combat roles.[viii] :5 Still, in an interview to AP, one insubordinate commander stated that his 16-yr-old son had died in clashes with government troops equally a rebel fighter. He too confirmed that his group had been releasing prisoners in flop-rigged cars turning drivers into unwitting suicide bombers.[twoscore]

In May 2013, a video was posted on the internet showing rebel commander Abu Sakkar cutting organs from the dead body of a Syrian soldier and putting one of them in his mouth, "as if he is taking a bite out of it". He says to the photographic camera: "soldiers of Bashar [...] we will eat your eye and livers! [...] Oh my heroes of Baba Amr, you lot slaughter the Alawites and have their hearts out to eat them!" Man Rights Watch confirmed the authenticity of the footage, and said that Abu Sakkar appears to be a commander of the "Independent Omar al-Farouq Brigade". Human Rights Spotter said "It is not known whether the Independent Omar al-Farouq Brigade operates within the command structure of the Free Syrian Army". The incident was condemned by the FSA's Principal of Staff and the Syrian National Coalition said that the commander would exist put on trial.[41] [42] The rebel Supreme Armed services Council called for Abu Sakkar's arrest, saying information technology wants him "expressionless or live". Abu Sakkar said that his action was revenge, explaining that he had found a video on the soldier's cellphone in which the soldier sexually abuses a woman and her ii daughters.[43] In earlier days earlier the escalation of violence he had taken role in marches and at that fourth dimension voiced the need for a united front to cause the reforms that were denied by the regime. His brigade was not amid those calling for a medieval caliphate or fidelity to al-Qa'ida, and he had taken a stand up against Islamist extremists in rebel ranks. $three journalist Kim Sengupta, having observed that the brutality with which the government responded to peaceful protests in Baba Amr and elsewhere in Syria was the goad for the armed uprising which followed, looked for further explanation for the viciousness that is expressed. Mr Nassr, another brigade member told him; "He (Abu Sakkar) should not accept washed what he did, doing that was haram (wrong in faith) and unwise. Simply it was a message to the Shabiha. They film young men and women being tortured to try and frighten the people and this was meant equally a warning to them." [44]

Sexual violence

Men and women have been subjected to sexual violence by regime forces. Amnesty International has received reports of men beingness raped.[45] According to the UN, sexual violence in detention is directed principally against men and boys,[9] :17 rather than women and girls:

Several testimonies reported the practice of sexual torture used on male person detainees. Men were routinely made to undress and remain naked. Several former detainees testified reported beatings of genitals, forced oral sex, electroshocks and cigarette burns to the anus in detention facilities . . . Several of the detainees were repeatedly threatened that they would exist raped in front end of their family and that their wives and daughters would also be raped. Testimonies were received from several men who stated they had been anally raped with batons and that they had witnessed the rape of boys. Ane homo stated that he witnessed a 15-year-one-time boy beingness raped in front of his father. A twoscore-year-old man saw the rape of an 11-twelvemonth-old boy by 3 security services officers.[9] :fourteen

Human being Rights Watch has also reported these sexual crimes beingness committed by Syrian government forces.[11] :26–eight, 32–4

Syrian activists claim women were abducted and raped in rebellious parts of the country, peradventure using sexual violence every bit a means of quelling dissent. An opposition campaigner supplied The Globe and Mail with details well-nigh 6 previously unknown cases of violence against women, saying that more such incidents remain hidden as Damascus struggles to contain the uprising.[46] Syrian refugees fleeing to Turkey reported mass rape by Syrian soldiers, more than 400 women were raped and sexually abused.[47] On 13 August 2012 a sergeant in the special forces who had defected claimed that Alawite officers ordered the rape of teenage girls in Homs, who would be shot afterwards. The defected sergeant further said that soldiers who refused were shot past the army[48] Besides in 2012, Norwegian Foreign Government minister Espen Barth Eide angrily alleged that rape during the Bosnian State of war "is repeating itself in Syria—tens of thousands of rapes."[49]

A report released fourteen January 2013 by the International Rescue Committee stated that a primary reason Syrian refugees flee is considering of fear of rape.[fifty]

Past late November 2013, according to the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN) report entitled "Violence against Women, Haemorrhage Wound in the Syrian Disharmonize", approximately 6,000 women take been raped (including gang-rape) since the starting time of the conflict - with figures probable to be much higher given that most cases go unreported. According to the EMHRN report, nigh were victims of government forces generally "during governmental raids, at checkpoints and within detention facilities" and many of the rapes resulted in pregnancies.[51] [52] [53]

Attacks on journalists

This article is about Attacks on journalists. For others named under attacks on journalists in the Syrian civil war, meet List of journalists killed during the Syrian civil war.

Except for those hand-picked by the government, journalists have been banned from reporting in Syrian arab republic. Those who have entered the state regardless have been targeted. Within a month of the protests taking off, at least seven local and international journalists were detained, and at to the lowest degree one of these was beaten.[54] Citizen journalist Mohammed Hairiri was arrested in April 2012, tortured in prison, and sentenced to death in May 2012 for giving an interview for Al Jazeera.[55] Jordanian Salameh Kaileh was tortured and detained in lamentable conditions earlier being deported.[56]

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 13 journalists were killed in work-related incidents during the first eighteen months of the insurgence.[57] During the same menstruum, Reporters Without Borders said a full of 33 journalists were killed.[58] Many, such every bit Marie Colvin, were killed by government forces,[59] but at least one, French journalist Gilles Jacquier, was killed by rebel fire.[60]

Attacks on local Christians

Local Christian minorities are likewise facing many human rights violations. Two bishops had been kidnapped on April 22, 2013 and have not been heard from since. Aleppo's Greek Orthodox Bishop Boulos Yazij and Syriac Orthodox Bishop Yohanna Ibrahim were kidnapped at gun point past unknown combatants when returning from a humanitarian mission to Turkey. During the kidnapping, the deacon driving them was shot and killed.

"1 calendar month after two Orthodox Christian bishops were kidnapped by gunmen in Syria, officials say they still have no idea what has happened to the missing prelates". All of which indicating that is was an activeness by local terror gangs.[61]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.two i.3 i.4 "Deadly Reprisals: deliberate killings and other abuses past Syria's armed forces". Amnesty International. June 2012. http://world wide web.amnesty.org/en/library/nugget/MDE24/041/2012/en/30416985-883b-4e67-b386-0df14a79f694/mde240412012en.pdf . Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  2. ↑ "UPDATE 4-Syrian govt forces, rebels committing war crimes -U.N.". http://world wide web.reuters.com/article/2012/08/fifteen/syria-crisis-un-rights-idUSL6E8JFA3220120815 . Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  3. ↑ "Friends of Syria must use their influence to finish cycle of repression and violence". Immunity International. v July 2012. http://www.immunity.org/en/news/friends-syria-must-use-their-influence-stop-cycle-repression-and-violence-2012-07-05 . Retrieved xix January 2013.
  4. ↑ four.0 four.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Report of the United Nations Loftier Commissioner for maggagistic Human being Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syria". UN Human Rights Quango. fifteen September 2011. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  5. ↑ Byman, Daniel L. (2005). "The Implications of Leadership Change in the Arab Globe". pp. 59–83. Digital object identifier:x.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00538.ten. http://world wide web.jstor.org/stable/20202473 . Retrieved half dozen July 2012.
  6. ↑ Goldsmith, Leon (16 April 2012). "Alawites for Assad". ForeignAffairs.com. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137407/leon-goldsmith/alawites-for-assad . Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Preliminary report of the High Commissioner on the situation of homo rights in the Syrian Arab Republic". Un Human Rights Council. 14 June 2011. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/A.HRC.17.CRP.1_Englishonly.pdf . Retrieved thirty June 2012.
  8. ↑ 8.0 eight.1 8.2 8.3 "Periodic Update of the Independent International Commission of Research on the Syrian Arab Republic". UN Human Rights Council. 24 May 2012. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/CISyria/PeriodicUpdateCISyria.pdf . Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.ane 9.2 9.3 9.4 "Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic". United nations Human Rights Council. 23 Nov 2011. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/SY/A.HRC.S-17.two.Add.1_en.pdf . Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  10. ↑ "Syria: Detained medics tortured and killed amidst Aleppo crackdown". Amnesty International. 26 June 2012. http://www.immunity.org/en/news/syria-detained-medics-killed-brutal-bid-silence-dissent-2012-06-26 . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 eleven.3 xi.4 "Torture Archipelago: Capricious Arrests, Torture and Enforced Disappearances in Syria's Underground Prisons since March 2011". Human Rights Watch. July 2012. http://world wide web.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0712webwcover.pdf . Retrieved three July 2012.
  12. ↑ "Syrian arab republic: Cease Torture of Children". Man Rights Watch. 3 February 2012. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/03/syria-end-torture-children . Retrieved xxx June 2012.
  13. ↑ xiii.0 13.1 "Syria authorities target children, says UN rights chief". BBC News. 28 March 2012. http://www.bbc.co.u.k./news/globe-middle-e-17532966 . Retrieved thirty June 2012.
  14. ↑ "Sunni 'cannon forage' abandon Syrian arab republic's Alawite-led military". MSNBC. 2012-12-07. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48162664/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  15. ↑ "Syria: Local Residents Used as Human Shields". Huffington Post. 26 March 2012. http://world wide web.huffingtonpost.com/man-rights-spotter/syrian arab republic-local-residents-use_b_1380609.html . Retrieved 10 Apr 2012.
  16. ↑ "UN report accuses Syrian troops of torturing and executing children, and of using children as "human shields"". Blogs.aljazeera.cyberspace. 2012-06-12. http://blogs.aljazeera.net/topic/syria/united nations-report-accuses-syrian-troops-torturing-and-executing-children-and-using-children . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  17. ↑ "U.Northward. chief calls for reduction in Syria observers, put more than stress on political efforts". Al Arabiya News. 6 July 2012. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/06/224876.html . Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  18. ↑ Blackness, Ian; Weaver, Matthew (v October 2011). "Syria attacks 'media fabrications' by showing 'beheaded' woman alive on TV". The Guardian. London. http://world wide web.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/05/syria-attack-media-beheaded-girl . Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  19. ↑ "Leaked video of Syrian homo's torture causes stupor, outrage". Al Arabiya News. four July 2012. http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/07/04/224459.html . Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  20. ↑ 830 [ dead link ]
  21. ↑ "Human Rights Watch: Syria: Government Attacking Bread Lines". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/human-rights-watch/syria-government-attackin_b_1843391.html . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  22. ↑ "Syrian fighters in Aleppo grade 'Revolutionary Transitional Council'". English.alarabiya.net. 2012-08-31. http://english.alarabiya.cyberspace/manufactures/2012/08/31/235232.html . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  23. ↑ Yacoub, Khaled. "Syrian arab republic regular army destroys houses in commonage penalisation". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/03/u.s.-syria-crisis-bulldozers-idUSBRE8820BC20120903 . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  24. ↑ [1] [ dead link ]
  25. ↑ "Untold Atrocities. The Stories of Syria'due south Children. Save the Children, 25 September 2012" (PDF). http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/untold_atrocities.pdf . Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  26. ↑ Syria: Despite Denials, More Cluster Bomb Attacks| hrw.org| October 23, 2012
  27. ↑ Cluster Munitions hrw.org
  28. ↑ AFP (19 October 2013). "Syria snipers targeting meaning women, British surgeon says". NOW. https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/syria-snipers-targeting-pregnant-women-british-surgeon-says . Retrieved 19 Oct 2013.
  29. ↑ Sir Desmond de Silva QC, former main prosecutor of the special court for Sierra Leone, Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, the former lead prosecutor of former Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milosevic, and Professor David Crane, who indicted President Charles Taylor of Liberia at the Sierra Leone court
  30. ↑ "Syrian regime document trove shows prove of 'industrial scale' killing of detainees". theguardian. 21 January 2014. http://world wide web.theguardian.com/earth/2014/jan/xx/evidence-industrial-scale-killing-syria-war-crimes . Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  31. ↑ "Sectional: Gruesome Syria photos may show torture by Assad authorities". CNN. 21 Jan 2014. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/20/globe/syria-torture-photos-amanpour/ . Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  32. ↑ Syria's Assault on Doctors, nybooks, Annie Sparrow, iii, Nov 2013
  33. ↑ Peel, Michael; Steinglass, Matt (two March 2012). "ICC powerless to investigate Syrian authorities". FT.com. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f70322e4-6484-11e1-9aa1-00144feabdc0.html . Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  34. ↑ Lynch, Marc (4 March 2012). "Can the ICC accept on Syria?". Abu Aardvark's Centre Due east Blog. FP.com. http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/04/syria_and_the_icc . Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  35. ↑ Haass, Richard N. (xvi July 2012). "Into Syria without Arms". Project Syndicate. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/into-syrian arab republic-without-artillery . Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  36. ↑ Cofman Wittes, Tamara (xix April 2012). "Options for U.S. Policy in Syria". Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2012/04/19-syria-wittes . Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  37. ↑ "Syria: Attack on TV station condemned as United nations report finds violence worsening". Amnesty International. 27 June 2012. http://www.immunity.org/zh-hant/node/32825 . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  38. ↑ Holliday, Joseph (June 2012). "Syria's Maturing Insurgency". Institute for the Written report of War. p. 27. http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Syrias_MaturingInsurgency_21June2012.pdf . Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  39. ↑ "Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretarial assistant-General". United Nations. 26 April 2012.
  40. ↑ "Film emerges of leaderless, divided Syrian rebel forces". NYDailyNews.com. 21 June 2012. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/syria-rebels-divided-violent-rebel-commander-ahmed-eissa-al-sheikh-a-list-dead-article-1.1100077 . Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  41. ↑ "Syria: Brigade Fighting in Homs Implicated in Atrocities". Human being Rights Scout. 13 May 2013. http://world wide web.hrw.org/news/2013/05/13/syria-brigade-fighting-homs-implicated-atrocities . Retrieved xiv May 2013.
  42. ↑ "Outrage at Syrian rebel shown 'eating soldier's heart'". BBC. 14 May 2013. http://www.bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland/news/world-center-east-22519770 . Retrieved fourteen May 2013.
  43. ↑ "Sectional: "We Will Slaughter All of Them." The Insubordinate Behind The Syrian Atrocity Video". Time. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  44. ↑ The Independent, xvi May 2013
  45. ↑ "International women's group begins mapping sexual violence in Syria". Al Arabiya. 1 April 2012. http://english.alarabiya.internet/manufactures/2012/04/01/204552.html . Retrieved ten Apr 2012.
  46. ↑ Stuart, Lucy (6 July 2011). "Immunity cites murder, torture, rape, mutilation in Syria". Al Arabiya . http://www.alarabiya.cyberspace/articles/2011/07/06/156329.html . Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  47. ↑ Abouzeid, Rania (20 June 2011). "Syria: In Search of the Rape Victims Among the Refugees". Time . http://world wide web.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2078622,00.html . Retrieved xiii November 2011.
  48. ↑ "Syrian Army Accused of Brutal, Systematic Rape". 13 Baronial 2012. http://www.yalibnan.com/2012/08/13/syrian-ground forces-accused-of-vicious-systematic-rape/ . Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  49. ↑ http://world wide web.worldaffairsjournal.org/web log/joel-brinkley/war-rape-rwanda-bosnia-and-now-syria War Rape: Rwanda, Bosnia, and Now Syrian arab republic
  50. ↑ "Syria: A Regional Crisis". International Rescue Committee. January 2013. p. 2. http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resources-file/IRCReportMidEast20130114.pdf . Retrieved 20 Jan 2013.
  51. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/earth-middle-east-25100122 Syria conflict: Women 'targets of abuse and torture'
  52. ↑ http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/eye-east/2013/11/25/Report-rape-used-as-weapon-of-war-against-Syrian arab republic-women-.html Written report: rape used as weapon of war against Syria women
  53. ↑ http://www.globalpost.com/acceleration/news/regions/middle-east/syria/131126/6000-women-raped-during-syrian-conflict half-dozen,000 cases of women raped during Syrian conflict, homo rights group says
  54. ↑ "Syria: Rampant Torture of Protesters". HRW. sixteen April 2011. http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/fifteen/syria-rampant-torture-protesters . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  55. ↑ "Citizen journalist sentenced to death for Al-Jazeera interview - Reporters Without Borders". En.rsf.org. http://en.rsf.org/syria-citizen-journalist-sentenced-to-18-05-2012,42641.html . Retrieved 2012-07-06.
  56. ↑ "Syria: Deported Palestinian announcer speaks out about torture in custody". Amnesty International. 17 May 2012. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/syria-deported-palestinian-journalist-speaks-out-most-torture-custody-2012-05-17 . Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  57. ↑ "Journalists Killed in Syria since 1992". Committee to Protect Journalists. http://www.cpj.org/killed/mideast/syria/ . Retrieved 19 July 2012. North.B. Co-ordinate to the system, no journalists were killed in Syrian arab republic between 1992 and the start of the uprising.
  58. ↑ "Thirty-Three Professional and Citizen Journalists Killed since March 2011". Reporters Without Borders. http://en.rsf.org/syrie-thirty-three-professional person-and-07-07-2012,42982.html . Retrieved nineteen July 2012.
  59. ↑ Wardrop, Murray (22 February 2012). "Syria: Dominicus Times announcer Marie Colvin 'killed in Homs'". telegraph.co.great britain. http://www.telegraph.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9097762/Syria-Sunday-Times-journalist-Marie-Colvin-killed-in-Homs.html . Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  60. ↑ Malbrunot, Georges (17 July 2012). "Jacquier: l'enquête française pointe les rebelles syriens" (in French). Jacquier: French investigation points to Syrian rebels. LeFigaro.fr. http://world wide web.lefigaro.fr/international/2012/07/17/01003-20120717ARTFIG00525-jacquier-l-enquete-francaise-pointe-les-rebelles-syriens.php . Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  61. ↑ "Syrian bishops kidnapped in Aleppo even so missing one month on". The Guardian. 21 May 2013. http://www.guardian.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland/world/2013/may/21/syrian-bishops-kidnapped-yazigi-ibrahim . Retrieved 12 July 2013.

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Source: https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War

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